Total station is modern survey equipment which combines the features of electronic theodolite and electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) instruments. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system. Total Station The instrument can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to the instrument. Microprocessor […]

Theodolite is an instrument which replaced compass and level. It can measure both horizontal and vertical angles. If telescope is kept at zero reading of vertical angle it serves as an ordinary level. In this modern era of electronics equipments have come up to measure the distances to relieve surveyor from chaining long lines. It

Types of Direct Levelling The following are the different types of direct levelling: (1) Simple levelling (2) Differential levelling (3) Fly levelling (4) Profile levelling (5) Cross sectioning and (6) Reciprocal levelling. Simple Levelling It is the method used for finding difference between the levels of two nearby points. Figure 1 shows one such case

Elevation measurements involve measurements in vertical plane. It is also known as levelling. It may be defined as the art of determining the elevations of given points above or below a datum line or establishing given points of required heights above or below the datum line. Object and Uses of Levelling As stated in the

The following four methods are available for carrying out plane table survey: 1. Radiation 2. Intersection 3. Traversing 4. Resection. The first two methods are employed for locating details while the other two methods are used for locating position of plane table station on drawing sheet. Plane Table Surveying Methods Radiation After setting the plane

In this method of surveying a table top, similar to drawing board fitted on to a tripod is the main instrument. A drawing sheet is fixed on to the table top, the observations are made to the objects, distances are scaled down and the objects are plotted in the field itself. Since the plotting is

Disadvantage of chain surveying is that, in it only distances are measured and hence area is to be covered with a network of triangles. If the length as well as angle of a line can be measured with respect to a known direction then it is possible to plot a line, independent of length of

Chain Surveying Chain survey is suitable in the following cases: Area to be surveyed is comparatively small. Ground is fairly level. Area is open and details to be filled up are simple and less. In chain surveying only linear measurements are made i.e. no angular measurements are made. Since triangle is the only figure that

All the distances required for making a plan are the horizontal distances. Hence in the field horizontal distances are measured or sufficient readings are taken to calculate horizontal distances. In this article, the methods used for linear measurements are explained. Method of preparing a plan using only linear measurements by conducting chain surveying is explained

Plans and Maps As stated in the definition of surveying, the objective of measurements is to show relative positions of various objects on paper. Such representations on paper are called plan or map. A plan may be defined as the graphical representation of the features on, near or below the surface of the earth as